### ### UCI Ionosphere Data ### Local copy: ionosphere.csv Downloaded From: https://www.openml.org/d/59 (CSV file: https://api.openml.org/data/v1/get_csv/59) Original Source: UCI Machine Learning Repository https://archive.ics.uci.edu/dataset/52/ionosphere Variable Information: Name -- Data Type -- Measurement -- Description a01 ... a34 -- quantitative -- unitless, -1 to 1 -- autocorrelation values, 2 per pulse number (a01-a02 for pulse 1, a03-a04 for pulse 2, ..., a33-a34 for pulse 17) class -- binary (g, b) -- none -- g = good radar return, b = bad radar return -- response variable Summary: Number of instances (observations): 351 Number of Attributes: 35 Attribute breakdown: 34 quantitative feature variables, and 1 binary response variable Missing Attribute Values: None Class distribution: g (good) = 225 (64.1%), b (bad) = 126 (35.9%) Abstract: Classification of radar returns from the ionosphere. "Good" returns show evidence of some type of structure in the ionosphere; "bad" returns do not, and their signals pass through the ionosphere. Data Characteristics: The radar data was collected by a system in Goose Bay, Labrador. The system consists of a phased array of 16 high-frequency antennas with a total transmitted power on the order of 6.4 kilowatts. The targets were free electrons in the ionosphere. Received signals were processed with an autocorrelation function whose arguments are the time of a pulse and the pulse number. There were 17 pulse numbers for the Goose Bay system, and each instance is described by 2 attributes per pulse number, corresponding to the complex value returned by the function. Notes: The data was created by V. Sigillito, S. Wing, L. Hutton and K. Baker (Space Physics Group, Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, 1989) and donated by Vince Sigillito. The first attribute (a01) takes only the values 0 and 1, and the second attribute (a02) equals 0 in every row, so it carries no information and can be dropped (it also makes standardizing the columns divide by zero). Reference: Sigillito, V. G., Wing, S. P., Hutton, L. V., & Baker, K. B. (1989). Classification of radar returns from the ionosphere using neural networks. Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, 10, 262-266. ---------- library(tidyverse) DF <- read_csv("ionosphere.csv") DF